Detectors Technologies

CSPAD (in CXI)
ePix100
ePix10k
Rayonix MX170 & 340
Jungfrau
pnCCD

Cornell–SLAC Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD)

The first detector specifically developed for use at LCLS is the Cornell–SLAC Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD). This detector is the result of a collaboration between Cornell University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

CSPAD camera — **CSPAD** 2.3 megapixel camera located at the CXI instrument.

The CSPAD 140K, 560K, and 2.3M are used for both soft and hard X-ray applications. In instances where the detector needs to cover a large cross sectional area, the CSPAD 2.3M, with its large active sensor area, may be extremely useful. For further expansion of the active area beyond that provided by the 2.3M, multiple CSPADs can be install and read in-sync to cover a large cross section that cannot be covered by a single detector.

Camera Specifications

Total Length (tubings, connectors included)	14.5 in (36.8 cm)
Weight	2.4 lb (1.09 kg)
Room Temperature Operation (nominal range)	5-30 °C
# of Pixels	140K 560K 2.3M
Modules Active Area	4 x 4 cm²
Quantum Efficiency vs. Energy Range	See figure

View CSPAD specs sheet

Characteristics & Measured Performance

CSPAD	High Gain	Low Gain
Pixel per ASIC	194 x 185
Pixel Size	110 μm
Noise R.M.S	1000 eV	3500 eV
Max Signal (8 keV photons equivalent)	350 keV	2700 keV
Frame Rate	120 Hz
Sensor Thickness	500 μm

Resources

CSPAD Troubleshooting Guide (SLAC Login needed)
Hands-on Tutorial: CSPADs: how to operate them, which performance to expect and what kind of features are available (Video1, Video2)
CSPAD FAQ - Philip Hart (SLAC) (Video)

Analysis Tools

How to run the offline_ami program:
- ssh pslogin
- ssh psana
- cd /tmp/reg/g/pcds/dist/pds/ami-current/build/ami/bin/x86_64-linux-opt/offline_ami -p
- /reg/d/psdm/cxi/cxij5116/
LCLS Data Analysis
Detector Calibration and Management
CSPAD common mode corrections in hybrid gain mode

ePix100

With a 50 μm pixel size, the SLAC developed ePix100 provides one of the highest resolutions of all the detectors available at LCLS. Used in both soft and hard X-ray applications, multiple ePix detectors can be installed and read in-sync in order to expand the cross section covered by the detectors.

The camera dimensions are 2 x 2 x 11.5 inch (5.1 x 5.1 x 29.2 cm), including tubings and connectors.

View ePix100 specs sheet View ePix100 Geometry

Characteristics & Measured Performance

# of Pixels	4 x (384 x 352)
Pixel Size	50 μm
Noise r.m.s.	250 eV
Max Signal (8 keV photons equivalent)	< 100 keV
Frame Rate	120 Hz (or up to 1kHz)
Sensor Thickness	500 μm
Weight	3.0 lbs

ePix10k

The ePix10k is the next generation detector that replaces the CSPAD in most hard X-ray experiments. It has 20% smaller pixels, ~5x lower noise, and 4x higher dynamic range compared to the CSPADs. The ePix10k comes in a small (135k) and large (2M) pixel variant.

View ePix10 specs sheet View ePix10 Geometry

Characteristics & Measured Performance

Pixels	100 x 100 μm
Noise r.m.s.	320 eV
Max Signal (8 keV photons equivalent)	11000 keV
Frame Rate (Hz)	120 Hz (or up to 1kHz)
Sensor thickness	500 μm

Rayonix MX170 & 340

The Rayonix MX170-HS and MX340-XFEL are commercial CCDs with high spatial resolution/dynamic range and adjustable on-board binning.

For extra high resolution applications, the 44um pixel size can accommodate at the cost of readout speed.

Quantum Efficiency: up to 0.8 for 8 keV - 12 keV

Camera Specifications

	MX170-HS	MX340-XFEL (in MFX)
# of Pixels	3840 x 3840	7680 x 7680
Active Area Dimensions	170 x 170 mm²	340 x 340 mm²
Pixel Size	44 µm	44 µm
Electro-Optical Gain	7e^-/12keV photons	7e^-/12keV photons
Full Well Capacity	360 ke^-/pixel	360 ke^-/pixel
Noise	8e^-/pixel	8e^-/pixel
QE	0.8 (8keV-12keV)	0.8 (8keV-12keV)
Signal Dynamic Range	16-bits	16-bits
On-Chip Binning	Square binning: 1 x 1, 2 x 2, 3 x 3, 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 6 x 6, 8 x 8, and 10 x 10 pixel binning	Square binning: 1 x 1, 2 x 2, 3 x 3, 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 6 x 6, 8 x 8, and 10 x 10 pixel binning
Frame Rate	Depends on binning	Depends on binning

View Rayonix MX170-HS specs sheet View Rayonix MX340-XFEL specs sheet

Jungfrau

The Jungfrau is a fast, large dynamic-range X-ray camera deployed at LCLS for hard to tender X-ray in-air applications since run 15.

The in-air camera dimensions are approximately 38 x 9 x 10 cm³ (38 x 13 x 10 cm³) including connectors and tubing for the 0.5 M (1 M).

Beginning in Run18, the CSPAD2.3M in the CXI/SC1 chamber will be replaced by the Jungfrau 4M detector, which will allow for higher signal and spatial resolution, as well as a larger dynamic range for hard X-ray experiments. The detector is made up of 8 modules arranged around a 9mm beamhole.

View Jungfrau specs sheet

Characteristics & Measured Performance

	Jungfrau 0.5M	Jungfrau 1M	Jungfrau 4M (in CXI)
# of modules	1	2	8
# of Pixels per Module	1024 x 512	1024 x 512	1024 x 512
Application	Air only	Air only	Vacuum only
Pixel Size (μm)	75	75	75
Noise r.m.s. (eV)	180-270	180-270	180-270
Max Signal (8 keV photons equivalent)	15,000	15,000	15,000
Frame Rate (Hz)	up to 2k	up to 2k	up to 2k
Sensor Thickness (μm)	320	320	320
Weight (kg)	2-3	2-3	2-3

Additional Images

pnCCD

The pnCCD is often used for soft X-ray applications. A 75 μm pixel resolution and a large active sensor area mounted on a servo-motor allows for flexibility in the cross section that it covers. The top and bottom halves of the front pnCCD can move independently (vertically) of each other, allowing each to cover a different kinematic region.

The pnCCD detector is used primarily in the AMO hutch. Two detectors front (upstream) and back (downstream) are available for use. The front detectors are on a servo-motor, allowing for the two vertical halves of the detectors to move in all 3 directions. This allows greater flexibility to users in choosing their kinematic regime of interest.

Camera Specifications

# of Pixels	2 x (1024 x 512)
Pixel Size	75 μm
Max Signal (1 keV photons equivalent)	6000 keV
Gain Range	1/256 to 1
Frame Rate	120 hz

More Specifications

When installed, the top half of the front pnCCD is approximately 5mm upstream of the bottom half.
There are 4 ASICs on either side of a single pnCCD plane (for a total of 8 per plane).
Dynamic range as well as Z position w.r.t interaction point may vary depending on in-chamber setup. Top and Bottom planes of front pnCCDs move independently of each other vertically. Back pnCCD does not move.
A 300 nm thick polyimide filter is placed in front of the pnCCD to prevent sample debris from accumulating on the sensors.

System Information

Cooling: Sumitomo HC-8E Compressor with a CH-104 Coldhead
Power: Rohde Schwartz NGPS32 Dual Bipolar Power Source
Signal Readout: Keithley 2400 Source Meter, Lakeshore 335 Temperature Controller

Analysis Tools

ssh to pslogin.slac.stanford.edu
ssh to psana.slac.stanford.edu
/reg/g/pcds/dist/pds/ami-current/build/ami/bin/x86_64-linux-opt/offline_ami